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PRONOUN:

 A word that is used in place of a noun is called pronoun.

•     Ali is a good student. He is my class fellow.

    In this example, HE is the pronoun.

 USAGE OF PRONOUN

1. Cases of pronoun:

(a) Subjective case: (I, we, you, he, she, they, it)

  (1) S.C + verb:

• Me/ I visited Lahore yesterday.

  (2) be-verb + S.C:

• It is me/I.

NOTE:

       “Special case of than, as”. Parallelism is applied.

(i) Ali is taller than I/ me.

     S   -----   S       ---------- Parallelism

(ii) Ali loves him more than I/ me.

     O  -----  O       ----------   Parallelism

(iii) Ali’s coat is better than I/me/ mine.

      P  -----  P        ----------  Parallelism

(b) Objective case: (me, us, you, him, her, them, it)

 (1) Action verb + O.C:

• Hira gave me/ I a book.

 (2) Preposition + O.C:

• Hira bought a gift for me/ I.
• Give it to me.

 (3) As complement after ‘infinitive’.

• They thought him to be I/ me.

(c) Possessive case: (mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs):

 (1) P. pronoun + noun:

• This is yours book. (wrong)
• This book is yours. (Right)

 (2) P. pronoun + no apostrophe (‘s):

• This book is yours.

 (3) Possessive determiner: (my, our, your, his, her, their):

   (i) Possessive determiner + noun (must):

• This book is my. (wrong)
• This is my book. (Right)

   (ii) P. determiner + No apostrophe (‘s):

• This is your book.

   (iii) Plural P. determiner is given preference to second and third persons and second to third when pronoun are in cluster.

• You and I passed your/ my/ our examination.
• You and he passed your/ his/ their examination.
• You, he and I passed your/ his/ their/ our/ my examination.

(d) Reflexive case (self form or emphatic case):

  (i) S + V + R.C.

• Ali hurt himself.
• Akram saw himself in the mirror.

         When action refers back to the subject, reflexive case is used.

  (ii) S + V + R.C + Object (without preposition): 

• I bought myself new shoes.

  (iii) S + R.C + V + O:

•      Shafiq himself killed a lion.

  (iv) S + V + O + R.C:

•      Ali killed a lion himself.

List:

         Avail (of), avenge (on), absent (from), resign (to), drink + R.C + to death, enjoy + object, adopt, adjust, amuse.

•     I availed this opportunity.
•     I availed myself of this chance.
•     Ali absented himself from the class.
•     I enjoyed the picnic.

2. ORDER OF PRONOUN:

(1) 2 + 3 + 1:

      You + he/ she/ they + I ----------- (+ve)

•     You, he and I got good jobs.

(2) 1 + 3 + 2: (-ve):

•     I, he and you are killers.

(3) Pronoun + noun:

•     Ali and he were absent yesterday. (Wrong)
•      He and Ali were absent yesterday. (Right)

NOTE:

            I is used after noun.

•     I and Ali were absent yesterday. (Wrong)
•     Ali and I were absent yesterday. (Right)

3. Reciprocal pronoun:

  (i) Each other/ one another.

        Each other is used for two persons or things while one another is used for more than two things or persons.

•     The two brothers quarrelled with each other.
•     The three brothers quarrelled with each other.

 (ii) Each others/ one anothers.

 (iii) Eachother/ oneanother.

4. Indefinite pronoun:

  (a) singular indefinite pronoun:

·  SANE + BOT rule

 S (some) A (any) N (no) E (every) + B (body) O (one) T (thing)

·  Each, either, every.

 (b) Singular and plural indefinite pronoun:

        SANAM rule} + of ----------- S.N-----S.V

        SANAM rule} + of ----------- P.N-----P.V

S (some) A (any) N (none) A (all) M (most)

• Some of the students were absent yesterday.
• Some of milk was sour.

 (c) Plural indefinite pronoun:

         MOB} + FS

   M (many) O (others) B (both) + F (few) S (several)

5. Relative pronoun:

(ii) who/ whom -------- persons

(ii) Which ---------- things/ animals

(iii) That -------- persons/ things/ animals

• This is the boy who stole my pen.
• This is the horse which saved his master.

6. No vague pronoun:

• Ali and Akram are friends. He helped him when he was in trouble.
• When Ali and Akram were walking along the road, he saw an accident.

      The above sentences create confusions, so pronoun should be used carefully to accurately explain the situation.